Abstract The walnut tree, Juglans regia L., has acquired increasing importance both nationally and internationally. In Portugal, the crop area and production doubled in the last decade, with a production of 13,340 tons of walnuts harvested in 2021. The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a species considered a key pest of pome fruit and walnut trees. After hatching, the caterpillar searches for a place to feed upon, the fruit. If protective measures are not taken, it can cause yield losses of 20% to 80%, especially in early flowering cultivars. The objective of this work was to study the biology of the insect and define protection strategies against the pest through mating disruption in a walnut orchard. The biological cycle was followed by capturing adults in traps baited with sexual pheromone and the damages were evaluated through the inspection of the fruits in two parcels with and without mating disruption. Two periods with the highest number of captures were observed, corresponding two generations of the pest, the first in late June/early July and the other in early/mid-September, with mean captures of 11±3.0 and 6.33±0.72, respectively. The protection of the walnut orchard against C. pomonella through mating disruption significantly reduced the number of captures in traps, with a disorientation rate of almost 100% throughout the entire flight period of the second generation. The plot with the highest percentage of attacked fruits (11%) was conducted in integrated production, while in mating disruption this number decreased (7%), although without statistically significant differences.

Resumo A nogueira, Juglans regia L., adquiriu uma crescente importância a nível nacional e internacional. Em Portugal, a área da cultura e a produção duplicou na última década, com uma produção de 13340 toneladas de noz colhidas em 2021. O bichado, Cydia pomonella L., é considerado uma praga-chave da nogueira. Após a eclosão, as lagartas do bichado procuram os frutos para se alimentar. Caso não sejam tomadas medidas de proteção, o bichado pode causar entre 20% a 80% de decréscimo da produção, sobretudo em cultivares de floração mais precoce. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a biologia do inseto e testar as possibilidades da confusão sexual contra a praga, num pomar de nogueiras em modo de produção integrada, situado na Terra Fria Transmontana. Acompanhou-se o ciclo biológico com captura dos adultos do bichado em armadilhas tipo delta com feromona sexual e a avaliação dos prejuízos efetuada através da inspeção dos frutos em duas parcelas com e sem confusão sexual. Foram observados dois períodos com números de capturas mais elevados, correspondendo a duas gerações da praga, o primeiro no final de junho/início de julho e o outro no início/meados de setembro, com a média de capturas de 11±3,0 e 6,33±0,72, respetivamente. A confusão sexual como meio de luta contra o bichado reduziu significativamente o número de capturas nas armadilhas, com uma taxa de desorientação de quase 100% ao longo de todo o período de voo da segunda geração. No que se refere ao ataque aos frutos (miolo da noz), a parcela em confusão sexual teve um menor número de frutos infestados (7%) em relação à%, enquanto a testemunha (11%), embora sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas.

Abstract The structural changes that have occurred in contemporary capitalism, brought new conditions for the use of territory in Brazil. Consequently, it can be observed the insertion of new agents from the financial sphere, notably investment funds, corporate investors, and high net-worth individuals, who started to participate, directly and indirectly, in the productive processes in various sectors that take place in the Brazilian territory. This process was evaluated in this paper, through the empirical situation of Cosan Group, the main controller of the Brazilian sugar-energy sector (production of sugarcane and sugarcane derivatives). Our analysis was based on secondary data on the agricultural and agro-industrial production of this group, as well as the strategies and characteristics related to the financialization of the company (such as initial public offering, investor behaviour, among others) and financial issues, using information obtained from public and private databases. The analysis of the use of territory by the Cosan Group makes it possible to identify the transformations associated with the insertion of this agent into the current dynamics of financialization of the economy and the inherent territorial implication of this process. The strategies of the use of territory adopted by the Cosan Group, in the current context of financial accumulation, were mainly guided by the need for financial valuation, which occurred fundamentally through the mobilization of public funds and the territorial expansion of productive activities.

Resumo As mudanças estruturais ocorridas no capitalismo contemporâneo trouxeram novas condicionantes para os usos do território no Brasil. Nesse sentido, observa-se a inserção de novos agentes da esfera financeira, notadamente fundos de investimentos diversos, investidores corporativos e indivíduos de alta renda, que passam a participar, e em grande medida controlar, direta ou indiretamente, processos produtivos dos mais diferentes setores no território brasileiro. Este processo foi por nós avaliado, tomando como situação empírica o Grupo Cosan S.A., principal controlador do setor sucroenergético brasileiro (produção de cana-de-açúcar e derivados), analisada a partir de dados secundários sobre a produção agrícola e agroindustrial do referido grupo, bem como estratégias e características ligadas à financeirização da empresa (abertura de capital, comportamento dos investidores, dentre outras), a partir de informações obtidas em bancos de dados públicos e privados. A análise do uso do território pelo Grupo Cosan permite identificarmos transformações associadas a inserção do referido agente no atual contexto de financeirização da economia global e as implicações territoriais que lhe são inerentes. As estratégias de uso do território praticadas pelo Grupo Cosan, no atual contexto de acumulação financeira, foram pautadas principalmente pela necessidade de valorização financeira, o que ocorreu fundamentalmente pelo acionamento de fundos públicos e pela expansão territorial das atividades produtivas.

ABSTRACT Compaction caused by mechanization affects soil quality and, consequently, the development of crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different degrees of soil compaction on the physiology, morphology, and anatomy of different coffee cultivars in a controlled environment. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with randomized block design in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement, with five coffee cultivars (Arara, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho 144, MGS Paraíso 2 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-19) and five degrees of compaction (68, 74, 80, 86 and 92 %), with four repetitions, totaling 100 experimental units. The following variables were evaluated in the aboveground biomass: plant height, number of leaves, diameter of the orthotropic branch, fresh mass of leaves and stem, leaf area, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a and b index; in the roots: length, surface area, volume, diameter of fine and coarse roots, fresh and dry mass of roots, as well as anatomical characteristics. Results showed that soil with degrees of compaction above 80 % negatively affected the variables evaluated. Catuaí Vermelho 144 presented the worst performance regardless of the degree of compaction, while Arara and MGS Paraíso 2 showed the best performance under the evaluated compaction degrees. Anatomical structure of the roots was modified with soil compaction, and no differences were observed among cultivars.

Abstract Objective To analyze the factors associated with infant formula supplementation in newborns referred to rooming-in in Brazilian hospitals. Method Cross-sectional study with data from 14,531 postpartum women and newborns obtained from the "Birth in Brazil" survey, conducted in 2011-2012. The analysis used a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. Results In total, 21.2% newborns received infant formula during hospital stay. After adjustment, the following factors were associated with the use of infant formula: maternal age ≥ 35 years (OR = 1.51; IC95%:1.30-1.75), prenatal care in a private service (OR = 2,22; IC:1.72-2.85)/public and private service (OR = 1.67; IC:1.24-2.23), cesarean delivery (OR = 1.83; IC:1.41-2.38), multiple pregnancy (OR = 3.786; IC:2.02-7.06), non-breastfeeding in the delivery room (OR = 1.780; IC:1.43-2.21), birth in a private hospital (OR = 1.695; IC:1.02-2.79), prematurity (OR = 1.656; IC:1.32-2.06) and extremes of birth weight (< 2.500 g: OR = 2.084; IC: 1.585-2.741/ ≥4,000g: OR = 1.672; IC:1.31-2.11). Teenage age (OR = 0.651; IC:0.55-0.76), low maternal education (OR = 0.579; IC:0.43-0.77), multiparity (OR = 0.588; IC:0.510-0.678), and lower economic class (OR = 0.565; IC:0.41-0.76) significantly reduced the probability of using infant formula. Conclusions Of the associated factors, the authors highlight cesarean delivery and non-breastfeeding in the delivery room, showing that it is necessary to strengthen policies that encourage good practices during childbirth care in order to promote exclusive breastfeeding and protect mothers and newborns from all social classes against the misuse of infant formula.

ABSTRACT Studies related to climate change and agricultural value chains have in common the growing concern on conserving water resources. Thus, the concept of the water footprint stands out, which measures the amount of water (in volume) necessary to produce a unit (in mass) of a given product. Among Brazilian agricultural activities, coffee farming emerges as one of the most important, even though the crop is sensitive to potential climatic changes, especially to the increase in temperature and periods of drought. An alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change is shade management, which is common in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of shade management on the water footprint of coffee activity in the region of “Matas de Minas”. The water footprint was calculated for the field and product processing phase. Despite reducing the evapotranspiration of the coffee plant, shade management provided an increase in the water footprint, since it decreased the crop yield. The water footprint data obtained are expressive, with a calculated value of 13,862 m3 t-1 for full sun management and 16,895 m3 t-1 for shade management, in which both are the most recommended for the agricultural sector.

ABSTRACT: Appropriate management of factors that influence forest development is essential to increase yield of forest plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water seasonality, nutritional management, and uniformity on yield of eucalyptus plantations and estimate the potential, attainable, and observed yield of adult eucalyptus stands. We evaluated Eucalyptus clonal stands in six regions of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in a system of first and second rotation across four age classes using the twin-plots method (TP). In the study, 142 TPs were allocated alongside 142 plots in a continuous forest inventory (CFI) network of a private enterprise. The CFI received operational fertilization and additional fertilization was carried out in the TP. The trees were measured at the beginning of the experiment and at every six months to quantify the production in the wet (PW) and dry (PD) periods of the year. Uniformity of plantations was evaluated using Pvar 50 % and the optimal uniformity index. Potential, attainable, and observed yields were estimated using the average annual increase at seven years of age. The PW showed higher plant yield. There was an effect due to water availability and nutrient level on the yield of the stands. The driest semester of the year produces approximately 30 % of the current annual increase. The stands under the second rotation tend to have less uniformity than the in the first rotation. Potential yield varied depending on rainfall intensity where wetter regions had the highest yield.

Resumo Objetivo investigar fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e compreender as práticas de cuidado de mulheres. Método paralelo convergente misto. A etapa quantitativa foi transversal descritiva com formulário abordando características demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, hábitos de vida e saúde, participaram 289 mulheres e aplicou-se estatística descritiva. A etapa qualitativa foi fundamentada na pesquisa participativa, exploratória descritiva, mediante entrevista semiestruturada, técnica de criatividade e sensibilidade e narrativas, com 30 mulheres. Resultados identificaram-se fatores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso do anticoncepcional (57,9%), estresse (60,6%), depressão (40,1%), obesidade (38,8%), hipertensão arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebida alcoólica (29,8%), cigarro (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) e diabetes (10,0%). Quanto aos saberes e práticas de cuidado, as participantes mencionaram os fatores, porém algumas relataram realizar os cuidados, e outras não, mesmo reconhecendo os riscos. Assim, compartilharam a falta de tempo para realizar exercícios físicos, dificuldades para cuidar da alimentação e aderir ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, ainda, relataram sentirem-se estressadas. Conclusão e implicações para a prática identificaram-se fatores modificáveis e as mulheres possuíam conhecimento acerca destes, entretanto divergiam sobre os cuidados, demonstrando a importância de ações voltadas a essa população.

Abstract Objective to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular disease and understand the care practices of women. Method mixed convergent parallel. The quantitative stage was descriptive transversal with a form addressing demographic characteristics, socioeconomic, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and health habits; 289 women participated and descriptive statistics were applied. The qualitative step was based on participatory research, exploratory descriptive, through semi-structured interviews, creativity and sensitivity technique and narratives, with 30 women. Results factors were identified as sedentarism (60.9%), use of contraceptives (57.9%), stress (60.6%), depression (40.1%), obesity (38.8%), high blood pressure (33.6%), alcohol consumption (29.8%), smoking (16.6%), dyslipidemia (25.6%), and diabetes (10.0%). As for knowledge and care practices, the participants mentioned the factors, but some reported performing the care, and others did not, even though they recognized the risks. Thus, they shared the lack of time to perform physical exercises, difficulties to take care of the diet and adhere to antihypertensive treatment, and also reported feeling stressed. Conclusion and implications for practice modifiable factors were identified and women had knowledge about these, however, they differed on the care, demonstrating the importance of actions aimed at this population.

Resumen Objetivo investigar los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares y comprender las prácticas de atención brindadas a las mujeres. Método paralelo convergente mixto. La etapa cuantitativa fue transversal transcriptiva con formulario abordando características demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, hábitos de vida y salud. Participaron 289 mujeres y se aplicó estadística descriptiva. La etapa cualitativa fue fundamentada en la investigación participativa, exploratoria descriptiva, mediante entrevista semiestructurada, técnica de creatividad y sensibilidad y narrativas, con 30 mujeres. Resultados se identificaron factores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso de anticonceptivos (57,9%), estrés (60,6%), depresión (40,1%), obesidad (38,8%), hipertensión arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (29,8%), tabaquismo (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) y diabetes (10,0%). En cuanto a los conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado, las participantes mencionaron los factores, sin embargo, algunas reportaron realizar el cuidado y otras no, inclusive reconociendo los riesgos. Así, compartieron la falta de tiempo para la realización de actividades físicas, dificultades para cuidar su alimentación y la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo e, inclusive, refirieron sentirse estresadas. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se identificaron factores modificables y las mujeres tenían conocimiento sobre ellos, sin embargo, divergieron sobre el cuidado, demostrando la importancia de las acciones dirigidas a esta población.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a adequação do ganho de peso gestacional total (GPT) segundo características maternas de adolescentes brasileiras. Estudo transversal e de base hospitalar. Foram incluídos 3.904 adolescentes com gestação de feto único e idade gestacional (IG) ao nascimento ≥ 37 semanas. Foi construído um modelo hierarquizado para analisar as variáveis dependentes e a adequação do GPT e das independentes: características sociodemográficas, assistenciais, obstétricas e comportamentais. As chances de GPT insuficiente foram maiores para as adolescentes do Norte (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,07-2,10) e Nordeste (OR = 1,68; IC95%: 1,27-2,21). O trabalho remunerado elevou as chances de GPT insuficiente (IC95%: 1,15-2,39) e excessivo (IC95%: 1,01-1,86). O índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional de sobrepeso ou obesidade associou-se ao GPT excessivo (OR = 1,86; IC95%: 1,19-2,92 e OR = 3,06; IC95%: 2,10-4,45, respectivamente), bem como a IG ≥ 42 semanas (OR = 2,23; IC95%: 1,03-4,81). Residir nas regiões Norte e Nordeste aumentou as chances de as adolescentes apresentarem GPT insuficiente. Exercer trabalho remunerado esteve associado a maior chance de GPT excessivo e insuficiente. Além disso, o sobrepeso ou obesidade pré-gestacional e IG ≥ 42 semanas ampliaram as chances de GPT excessivo.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the adequacy of total gestational weight gain (GWG) according to maternal characteristics of Brazilian adolescents. It involved a cross-sectional, hospital-based study. A total of 3,904 teenagers with a single fetus gestation and gestational age (GA) at birth ≥ 37 weeks were included. A hierarchical model was built to analyze the dependent and independent variables adequacy of GWG: sociodemographic, care, obstetric and behavioral characteristics. The chances of insufficient GWG were higher for adolescents from the North (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.07-2.10) and Northeast (OR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.27-2.21). Paid work increased the chances of insufficient (95%CI: 1.15-2.39) and excessive (95%CI: 1.01-1.86) GWG. The pre-pregnancy body mass index of overweight or obese adolescents was associated with excessive GWG (OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.19-2.92 and OR = 3.06, 95%CI: 2.10-4.45, respectively), as well as GA ≥ 42 weeks (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.03-4.81). Living in the North and Northeast regions increases the chances of adolescents having insufficient GWG. Having paid work was associated with a greater chance of excessive and insufficient GWG. Furthermore, pre-pregnancy excess weight or obesity and GA ≥ 42 weeks increased the chances of excessive GWG.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a adequação do ganho de peso gestacional total (GPT) segundo características maternas de adolescentes brasileiras. Estudo transversal e de base hospitalar. Foram incluídos 3.904 adolescentes com gestação de feto único e idade gestacional (IG) ao nascimento ≥ 37 semanas. Foi construído um modelo hierarquizado para analisar as variáveis dependentes e a adequação do GPT e das independentes: características sociodemográficas, assistenciais, obstétricas e comportamentais. As chances de GPT insuficiente foram maiores para as adolescentes do Norte (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,07-2,10) e Nordeste (OR = 1,68; IC95%: 1,27-2,21). O trabalho remunerado elevou as chances de GPT insuficiente (IC95%: 1,15-2,39) e excessivo (IC95%: 1,01-1,86). O índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional de sobrepeso ou obesidade associou-se ao GPT excessivo (OR = 1,86; IC95%: 1,19-2,92 e OR = 3,06; IC95%: 2,10-4,45, respectivamente), bem como a IG ≥ 42 semanas (OR = 2,23; IC95%: 1,03-4,81). Residir nas regiões Norte e Nordeste aumentou as chances de as adolescentes apresentarem GPT insuficiente. Exercer trabalho remunerado esteve associado a maior chance de GPT excessivo e insuficiente. Além disso, o sobrepeso ou obesidade pré-gestacional e IG ≥ 42 semanas ampliaram as chances de GPT excessivo.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the adequacy of total gestational weight gain (GWG) according to maternal characteristics of Brazilian adolescents. It involved a cross-sectional, hospital-based study. A total of 3,904 teenagers with a single fetus gestation and gestational age (GA) at birth ≥ 37 weeks were included. A hierarchical model was built to analyze the dependent and independent variables adequacy of GWG: sociodemographic, care, obstetric and behavioral characteristics. The chances of insufficient GWG were higher for adolescents from the North (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.07-2.10) and Northeast (OR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.27-2.21). Paid work increased the chances of insufficient (95%CI: 1.15-2.39) and excessive (95%CI: 1.01-1.86) GWG. The pre-pregnancy body mass index of overweight or obese adolescents was associated with excessive GWG (OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.19-2.92 and OR = 3.06, 95%CI: 2.10-4.45, respectively), as well as GA ≥ 42 weeks (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.03-4.81). Living in the North and Northeast regions increases the chances of adolescents having insufficient GWG. Having paid work was associated with a greater chance of excessive and insufficient GWG. Furthermore, pre-pregnancy excess weight or obesity and GA ≥ 42 weeks increased the chances of excessive GWG.

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of ceramics has a deep impact on our understanding of their physical and chemical properties. This work performed a chemical and mineralogical characterization of clay mixtures with incorporation of a residue from the steel industry. The clay mixtures could be used in the brick production. Two types of clays were mixed with the proportion of 1:1 and the residue were incorporated with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Each material had their chemical composition analysed before the burning step. Five specimens were used to analyse their mineralogical composition after the burning step at the temperature of 800 °C. The tests performed to make the characterization were: X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The XFR analysis showed that the main components of the clays are the silicon oxide (SiO2) and the aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and for the residue, the main components are the iron oxides, represented by iron content (T-Fe). The XRD analysis showed the quartz as the most abundant mineral in clays, but that hematite, the most abundant mineral in the residue, appeared more as the amount of residue increased in the sample. Thermal Analysis confirmed the expected peaks in clays and identified an exothermic reaction in the sample with residue. The increase in the percentage of residue caused changes in the chemical composition of the samples, however, these variations were not remarkable, which suggests the red clay industry could add the residue in its production.

RESUMO A composição química das cerâmicas tem grande importância no entendimento das propriedades químicas e físicas desse material. Neste trabalho foram realizadas caracterizações química e mineralógica de misturas de argilas, incorporando um resíduo proveniente de uma indústria siderúrgica, para aplicar na produção de cerâmica. Dois tipos de argila foram misturados na proporção de 1:1 e o resíduo foi adicionado nas proporções de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%. Avaliou-se a composição química de cada material puro e a composição mineralógica foi analisada após a etapa de queima, na qual 5 corpos de prova foram submetidos a uma temperatura de 800 °C. A caracterização foi realizada com os ensaios de Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Termogravimetria (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). A FRX mostrou os óxidos de silício (SiO2) e alumínio (Al2O3) como principais componentes das argilas e os óxidos de ferro (T-Fe, teor de ferro) como principais componentes do resíduo. A DRX mostrou o quartzo como o mineral mais abundante nas argilas, mas que à medida que a concentração de resíduo aumentava na amostra, aumentava também o teor de hematita, principal mineral encontrado no resíduo. A TG e a DSC confirmaram picos esperados nas argilas e identificou uma reação exotérmica nas amostras com resíduo. O aumento do percentual de resíduo provocou alterações na composição química das amostras, no entanto, não foram alterações significativas, o que indica a possibilidade do uso desse resíduo na produção de cerâmica vermelha.

OBJECTIVES: In this preliminary study we investigated cellular and humoral immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens in blood samples from 14 recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and compared them to those in samples from 12 uninfected/unvaccinated volunteers. METHODS: Cellular immunity was assessed by intracellular detection of IFN-γ in CD3+ T lymphocytes after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1), nucleocapsid (NC), or receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant proteins or overlapping peptide pools covering the sequence of SARS-CoV-2 spike, membrane and nucleocapsid regions. The humoral response was examined by ELISAs and/or chemiluminescence assays for the presence of serum IgG antibodies directed to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. RESULTS: We observed differences between humoral and cellular immune profiles in response to stimulation with the same proteins. Assays of IgG antibodies directed to SARS-CoV-2 NC, RBD and S1/S2 recombinant proteins were able to differentiate convalescent from uninfected/unvaccinated groups. Cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 protein stimuli did not exhibit a specific response, as T cells from both individuals with no history of contact with SARS-CoV-2 and from recovered donors were able to produce IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of the cellular immune response to stimulation with a pool of SARS-CoV-2 peptides but not with SARS-CoV-2 proteins is able to distinguish convalescent individuals from unexposed individuals. Regarding the humoral immune response, the screening for serum IgG antibodies directed to SARS-CoV-2 proteins has been shown to be specific for the response of recovered individuals.

Resumo Em 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, pseudônimo de uma pessoa desconhecida, lançou o “Bitcoin”, uma criptomoeda descentralizada, com o objetivo de contornar qualquer banco ou governo e retornar a um sistema monetário mais “austero” e controlado. Após o advento do Bitcoin, várias outras criptomoedas foram criadas, suscitando um debate sobre a capacidade desses instrumentos substituírem o que atualmente usamos como “moeda”. Após 10 anos de sua criação, fica claro que o Bitcoin não atingiu o seu principal objetivo, mas levantou discussões importantes no âmbito das Autoridades Monetárias. Assim sendo, esse trabalho tem dois grandes objetivos. O primeiro é mostrar que, sob uma perspectiva teórica pós-keynesiana, o Bitcoin não fará frente às moedas fiduciárias, pois está muito mais próximo de ser um ativo especulativo altamente volátil do que uma moeda capaz de assumir as funções primordiais em uma economia capitalista. O segundo objetivo é apontar os desdobramentos dessa discussão no âmbito das Autoridades Monetárias, com destaque para as propostas das criptomoedas estatais.

Abstract In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonym of an unknown person, launched ‘Bitcoin’, a decentralized cryptocurrency, aiming at circumventing banks or governments and returning to a more ‘austere’ and quantity-controlled monetary system. After Bitcoin, several other cryptocurrencies were created, and a debate on whether these instruments could ever replace what we currently use as ‘money’ surfaced. Ten years since its creation, it is clear that Bitcoin did not reach its main goal but raised important discussions within the framework of Monetary Authorities. Therefore, this work has two main objectives. The first is to show that, from a post-Keynesian theoretical perspective, Bitcoin cannot stand up to fiduciary currencies because it is much closer to being a highly volatile speculative asset than a currency capable of assuming the prime functions in a capitalist economy. The second objective is to point out the consequences of this discussion within the framework of the monetary authorities, with emphasis on the proposals of central bank cryptocurrencies.

RESUMO A altura dominante de eucalipto pode apresentar forte autocorrelação espacial, sendo imprescindível investigar os métodos de interpolação na sua espacialização. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar métodos determinísticos e geoestatísticos na estimativa da altura dominante em povoamento de eucalipto. Em 14 talhões do gênero (377 hectares) foram avaliadas 233 unidades amostrais, obtendo-se as variáveis altura dominante e diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo. Os interpoladores espaciais avaliados foram os geoestatísticos (krigagem e cokrigagem ordinária) e determinísticos (inverso do quadrado da distância e polinôminio global do 10º grau). Ainda, aplicou-se a krigagem indicatriz para espacializar a probabilidade de locais com valores de altura dominante acima da média. Os resultados mostraram que a altura dominante de eucalipto apresenta-se com forte dependência espacial, sendo possível a sua espacialização tanto pela krigagem quanto cokrigagem ordinárias. Na presença da componente espacial, métodos determinísticos não são recomendados, em especial, os modelos polinomiais globais. A krigagem indicatriz viabiliza o mapeamento da probabilidade de uma determinada classe de produtividade ocorrer, subsidiando o planejamento da rotação florestal.

ABSTRACT The dominant height of eucalyptus can present strong spatial autocorrelation, being indispensable to investigate the interpolation methods in its spatialization. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate deterministic and geostatistical methods in estimating the dominant height in eucalyptus stands. In 14 management units of the genus (377 hectares), 233 sample units were allocated, obtaining the variables dominant height and diameter at 1.30 m of the soil. The spatial interpolators evaluated were geostatistics (kriging and ordinary cokriging) and deterministic (inverse of the distance square and global polynomial of the 10th degree). Furthermore, indicator kriging was applied to spatialize the probability of locations with above-average dominant height values. The results showed that the dominant eucalyptus height presents with a strong spatial dependence, being possible its spatialization by both ordinary kriging and cokriging. In the presence of the spatial component, deterministic methods are not recommended, especially the global polynomial models. Indicator kriging enables the mapping of the probability of a given class of productivity to occur, subsidizing forest rotation planning.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar a associação entre o profissional que assistiu o parto vaginal e a amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, conduzida em 2011/2012. Foram analisados dados de 8.466 puérperas por meio de modelo de regressão logística com abordagem hierarquizada. Resultados: A proporção de mães que amamentaram ao nascimento foi maior nos partos assistidos pelo enfermeiro (70%). O parto assistido por enfermeiro apresentou chance 64% maior de amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Outros fatores associados ao desfecho: residir no Norte; idade inferior a 35 anos; multiparidade; orientação no pré-natal sobre amamentação na primeira hora de vida; nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; acompanhante no parto; e recém-nascido de sexo feminino. Conclusões: O parto assistido pelo enfermeiro/enfermeiro obstetra foi importante fator independente associado à amamentação na primeira hora de vida, sugerindo a importância do fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro obstetra.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the association between the professionals who attended vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil (Born in Brazil) survey, conducted in the 2011-2012 period. Data from 8,466 puerperae were analyzed using a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. Results: The proportion of mothers who breastfed at birth was higher in deliveries attended by nurses (70%). A nurse-assisted delivery was 64% more likely to breastfeed in the first hour of life. Other factors associated with the outcome: residing in the North; age less than 35 years; multiparity; prenatal guidance on breastfeeding in the first hour of life; birth at Baby-Friendly Hospital; companion at birth; and female newborn. Conclusions: Obstetrician nurse/nurse-assisted delivery was a significant independent factor associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, suggesting the importance of strengthening the role of the obstetrician nurse.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre el profesional que asistió al parto vaginal y la lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la investigación Nascer no Brasil (Nacer en Brasil), conducida en el periodo de 2011-2012. Se analizaron datos de 8.466 puérperas por medio de modelo de regresión logística con abordaje jerarquizado. Resultados: La proporción de madres que amamantaron al nacimiento fue mayor en los partos asistidos por el enfermero (70%). El parto asistido por enfermero presentó una probabilidad un 64% mayor de lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Otros factores asociados al desenlace: residir en el Norte; edad inferior a 35 años; multiparidad; orientación en el prenatal sobre lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida; nacimiento en el Hospital Amigo del Niño; acompañante en el parto; y el recién nacido de sexo femenino. Conclusiones: El parto asistido por el enfermero/enfermero obstetra fue un importante factor independiente asociado a la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, sugiriendo la importancia del fortalecimiento del papel del enfermero obstetra.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the association between the professionals who attended vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil (Born in Brazil) survey, conducted in the 2011-2012 period. Data from 8,466 puerperae were analyzed using a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach. Results: The proportion of mothers who breastfed at birth was higher in deliveries attended by nurses (70%). A nurse-assisted delivery was 64% more likely to breastfeed in the first hour of life. Other factors associated with the outcome: residing in the North; age less than 35 years; multiparity; prenatal guidance on breastfeeding in the first hour of life; birth at Baby-Friendly Hospital; companion at birth; and female newborn. Conclusions: Obstetrician nurse/nurse-assisted delivery was a significant independent factor associated with breastfeeding in the first hour of life, suggesting the importance of strengthening the role of the obstetrician nurse.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre el profesional que asistió al parto vaginal y la lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de la investigación Nascer no Brasil (Nacer en Brasil), conducida en el periodo de 2011-2012. Se analizaron datos de 8.466 puérperas por medio de modelo de regresión logística con abordaje jerarquizado. Resultados: La proporción de madres que amamantaron al nacimiento fue mayor en los partos asistidos por el enfermero (70%). El parto asistido por enfermero presentó una probabilidad un 64% mayor de lactancia en la primera hora de vida. Otros factores asociados al desenlace: residir en el Norte; edad inferior a 35 años; multiparidad; orientación en el prenatal sobre lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida; nacimiento en el Hospital Amigo del Niño; acompañante en el parto; y el recién nacido de sexo femenino. Conclusiones: El parto asistido por el enfermero/enfermero obstetra fue un importante factor independiente asociado a la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, sugiriendo la importancia del fortalecimiento del papel del enfermero obstetra.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar a associação entre o profissional que assistiu o parto vaginal e a amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, conduzida em 2011/2012. Foram analisados dados de 8.466 puérperas por meio de modelo de regressão logística com abordagem hierarquizada. Resultados: A proporção de mães que amamentaram ao nascimento foi maior nos partos assistidos pelo enfermeiro (70%). O parto assistido por enfermeiro apresentou chance 64% maior de amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Outros fatores associados ao desfecho: residir no Norte; idade inferior a 35 anos; multiparidade; orientação no pré-natal sobre amamentação na primeira hora de vida; nascimento em Hospital Amigo da Criança; acompanhante no parto; e recém-nascido de sexo feminino. Conclusões: O parto assistido pelo enfermeiro/enfermeiro obstetra foi importante fator independente associado à amamentação na primeira hora de vida, sugerindo a importância do fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro obstetra.